金融危机中的衍生工具——基于20世纪80年代以来金融危机视角的思考

本文从20世纪80年代以来金融危机的不同特性对比分析入手,对衍生工具在金融危机中作用的二重性进行了研究。指出衍生工具除了具有引导资金从发达资本市场向发展中经济流动过程中的建构性作用,同时在诱导金融危机的发生和加剧方面还具有助动性作用。从衍生工具的产生和发展,降低了经济运作的透明度、削弱了金融管理当局的监管、威胁到固定汇率体系的稳定性、提高了系统风险和感染风险、进而加速并深化危机等不同角度,对衍生工具在金融危机中的负面作用作了较为具体的论证。     

Derivatives holdings and market values of U.S. bank holding companies

We examine the impact of derivatives held by US bank holding companies on their market valuations over the period 2000 to 2010. By using bank-level data with detailed information on the notional amounts of derivative positions according to holding purposes and underlying asset types, our regression analyses provide three main findings. First, derivative instruments held for hedging rather than trading purposes contribute to enhancing market values. Second, the positive effects exhibit nonmonotonic patterns indicating that excessive amounts of derivatives holdings deteriorate market values. Third, interest rate derivatives are the main source of high valuations.     

Modelling the joint behaviour of electricity prices in interconnected markets

The liberalization of energy markets worldwide during recent decades has introduced severe implications for the price formation in these markets. Especially within the European day-ahead electricity markets, increased physical connections between different market areas and a joint effort on optimizing the aggregate social welfare have led to highly connected markets. Consequently, observing the exact same hourly day-ahead prices for two or more interconnected electricity markets in Europe happens frequently. This affects the modelling of such prices and in turn the valuation of derivatives written on prices from these market areas. In this paper, we propose a joint model for day-ahead electricity prices in interconnected markets composed of a combination of transformed Ornstein–Uhlenbeck processes. We discuss the properties of the model and propose an estimation procedure based on filtering techniques. Furthermore, the properties of the model reveal that analytical prices are attainable for, e.g., forwards and spread options.     

Valuing catastrophe derivatives under limited diversification: A stochastic dominance approach

We present a new approach to the pricing of catastrophe event (CAT) derivatives that does not assume a fully diversifiable event risk. Instead, we assume that the event occurrence and intensity affect the return of the market portfolio of an agent that trades in the event derivatives. Based on this approach, we derive values for a CAT option and a reinsurance contract on an insurer’s assets using recent results from the option pricing literature. We show that the assumption of unsystematic event risk seriously underprices the CAT option. Last, we present numerical results for our derivatives using real data from hurricane landings in Florida.     

Effect of derivative accounting rules on corporate risk-management behavior

I examine the effect of the accounting standard for derivative instruments (SFAS No. 133) on corporate risk-management behavior. I classify a derivative user as an “effective hedger” (EH firm) if its risk exposures decreased after the initiation of the derivatives program, and as an “ineffective hedger/speculator” (IS firm) otherwise. I find that volatility of cash flows and risk exposures related to interest rate, foreign exchange rate, and commodity price decrease significantly for IS firms but not for EH firms, suggesting that IS firms engaged in more prudent risk-management activities after the adoption of SFAS No. 133.     

发展金融衍生业务:我国商业银行金融创新的战略选择

随着我国金融改革进程的加快,国内市场各方对金融衍生产品的需求日益迫切,发展金融衍生业务已成为我国商业银行加快金融创新、规避金融风险的战略性选择。本文在分析我国商业银行开展金融衍生业务现状的基础上,试图对如何推动我国商业银行发展金融衍生业务提出相关建议。     

论衍生产品使香港地区股市走上健康发展之路——兼论对冲基金对股市的作用

本文研究对冲基金在衍生产品(主要是认股权证)提供的高效率低成本套利工具的条件下,如何使香港地区股市以往长时间累积的系统风险分散到各个时段,使股市的长期(年度)波幅变小,短期(月份)波幅变得均匀。犹如在股市这个大系统下加入一个负反馈回路,使原来只有正反馈回路、很容易进入震荡状态、失去控制的股市,变成稳定运行的系统,避免泡沫的产生,达到提高市场效率的目的。此外,我们以香港地区股市(恒生指数为主)波动为实证数据进行分析,其结果证实了上面的结论。     

中国金融衍生品交易风险管理的法律规制研究

金融衍生产品的创新与发展是现代市场经济的必然产物。本文首先比较分析了国内外关于金融衍生品交易风险管理的法律制度现状,指出目前我国的相关制度滞后于金融衍生品交易的发展,并进一步提出完善措施。     

一个新的Lorenz曲线模型

Lorenz曲线为描述居民收入分布状况及财富分配不平等程度提供了一个重要工具。为了准确地刻画居民收入分布特征,提出了一个新的Lorenz曲线模型,主要包括两个方面：第一,给出一个基础Lorenz曲线,并论证了其基本性质;第二,通过加权乘积方式,构造出新的衍生Lorenz曲线模型。新Lorenz曲线模型主要有三个方面的优势：模型表示简单,具有较少的待估计参数;模型结构灵活,容易取得更好的拟合效果;模型构造开放,可进一步扩展得到新的衍生Lorenz曲线模型。最后,通过数值模拟比较与实际应用分析,发现新的衍生Lorenz曲线模型不仅比已有的10种衍生Lorenz曲线模型具有更好的拟合效果,而且能够准确地刻画居民收入分布特征。     

Pricing exotic options using MSL-MC

Today, better numerical approximations are required for multi-dimensional SDEs to improve on the poor performance of the standard Monte Carlo pricing method. With this aim in mind, this paper presents a method (MSL-MC) to price exotic options using multi-dimensional SDEs (e.g. stochastic volatility models). Usually, it is the weak convergence property of numerical discretizations that is most important, because, in financial applications, one is mostly concerned with the accurate estimation of expected payoffs. However, in the recently developed Multilevel Monte Carlo path simulation method (ML-MC), the strong convergence property plays a crucial role. We present a modification to the ML-MC algorithm that can be used to achieve better savings. To illustrate these, various examples of exotic options are given using a wide variety of payoffs, stochastic volatility models and the new Multischeme Multilevel Monte Carlo method (MSL-MC). For standard payoffs, both European and Digital options are presented. Examples are also given for complex payoffs, such as combinations of European options (Butterfly Spread, Strip and Strap options). Finally, for path-dependent payoffs, both Asian and Variance Swap options are demonstrated. This research shows how the use of stochastic volatility models and the θ scheme can improve the convergence of the MSL-MC so that the computational cost to achieve an accuracy of O(ε) is reduced from O(ε^?3) to O(ε^?2) for a payoff under global and non-global Lipschitz conditions.